The UsZcta2010 Database provides the ZIP Code Tabulation Area (or equivalent) within the United States for a given location (latitude and longitude).
A census ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) is a statistical region corresponding to a US Postal Service ZIP Code used by the US Census Bureau to collect statistics about local residents. Places are outside the US Census Bureau's hierarchy of states, counties, county subdivisions, census tracts, census block groups, and census blocks. Each ZCTA is constructed by combining the US Census Blocks in which a given ZIP code is the most common ZIP code in use. Consequently, a given ZCTA may include a small number of addresses that use a different ZIP code.
Using the UsZcta2010 Database is simple: you give latitude and longitude and the Database returns the ZIP Code Tabulation Area's name, and several other identifying codes and basic statistics. It also returns more than 100 key demographic variables from the 2010 US Census, including detailed information on the age, sex, and race of the residents, as well as information about households. For a complete listing of the data returned, please see the Returned Values Section below.
This Database is based on data from the United States Census Bureau. In addition to repackaging that data in an easy-to-use format for Web developers and Java and .NET programmers, Ask Geo also adds a high-performance spatial index that allows for extremely low-latency queries. Please see the Performance Section below for details on how fast this Database is.
Unlike most of the other US-Census-based Databases, this Database does not have high and low fidelity versions. The only version available is of the high-fidelity type, which is the highest accuracy map data yet incorporated into Ask Geo.
The map below was generated from the UsZcta2010 Database:
The colors for each ZIP Code Tabulation Area have been selected randomly to provide contrast.
Please also note that for locations not inside any ZIP Code Tabulation Area the Database returns the nearest ZIP Code Tabulation Area up to 20 km away. This "snap-to" distance is fixed for the Web API but can be customized by users of the Ask Geo Java and .NET Libraries.
The UsZcta2010 Database consists of 33,120 ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (32,989 of which are populated) with the following statistical characteristics:
Population | Area | |
---|---|---|
Minimum | 0.00 people | 0.00 square miles |
First Quartile | 727 people | 9.3 square miles |
Median | 2,766 people | 36 square miles |
Third Quartile | 12,791 people | 89 square miles |
Maximum | 113,916 people | 13,160 square miles |
Unlike the other Databases based on the US Census data, the UsZcta2010 Database is only available in the high-fidelity version. This is the most accurate map data available from the US Census Bureau. Though the Census Bureau does not specify an explicit scale, they do quote source materials with scales of 1:100,000 and 1:24,000, and an Accuracy Improvement Project that led to an average error of just 7.6 meters. Our inspection of the data also reveals a high level of consistency with Google Maps and Open Street Map.
The UsZcta2010 Database returns a large number of parameters about the ZIP Code Tabulation Area in question. While all these parameters are returned with a single call to the Web API, for performance reasons the Java and .NET Libraries divide them into three separate groups.
The first group is common to all the Databases and pertains to the query point's relationship to the map region from which the returned values were drawn.
Key | Description | Units | Type |
---|---|---|---|
AskGeoId | The internally-used AskGeo unique ID for the returned polygon | n/a | int |
IsInside | Whether or not the query point is inside the returned polygon | n/a | boolean |
MinDistanceKm | The distance from the query point to the nearest interior point of the returned polygon | kilometers | float |
The second group provides some basic information about the ZIP Code Tabulation Area.
Key | Description | Units | Type |
---|---|---|---|
ZctaCode | US census ZCTA (Zip Code Tabulation Area) code (for example, 94111, 90210, 10019) | n/a | String |
GeoId | US census unique geographic ID | n/a | String |
ClassCode | US FIPS 55 class code | n/a | String |
FeatureClassCode | US census MAF/TIGER feature class code | n/a | String |
FunctionalStatus | US census functional status code | n/a | String |
LandAreaSqM | US census land area (square meters) | square meters | float |
WaterAreaSqM | US census water area (square meters) | square meters | float |
LatitudeDeg | Latitude of interior point (degrees) | degrees | float |
LongitudeDeg | Longitude of interior point (degrees) | degrees | float |
The third group returns selected demographic census data from the official 2010 Census for the ZIP Code Tabulation Area.
Key | Description | Units | Type |
---|---|---|---|
CensusGeoId | Unique geographic identifier | n/a | String |
CensusGeoLevel | Geographic level code | n/a | String |
CensusEsriId | ESRI entity code | n/a | String |
CensusGeoCode | US Census entity code | n/a | String |
CensusAreaName | Entity name | n/a | String |
CensusStateAbbreviation | State abbreviation | n/a | String |
CensusTotalPopulation | Total Population | people | float |
CensusTotalPopulationIn2000 | Total Population in 2000 | people | float |
CensusTotalPopulationChange2000To2010 | Change in Population 2000-2010 | people | float |
CensusTotalPopulationPercentChange2000To2010 | Percent Change in Population 2000-2010 | percent | float |
CensusSexMale | Sex: Males | people | float |
CensusSexPercentMale | Sex: Percent Males | percent | float |
CensusSexFemale | Sex: Females | people | float |
CensusSexPercentFemale | Sex: Percent Females | percent | float |
CensusPeoplePerSqMi | Population Density | people per square mile | float |
CensusAge0To4 | Age: Under 5 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent0To4 | Age: Percent Under 5 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge5To9 | Age: Age 5 to 9 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent5To9 | Age: Percent Age 5 to 9 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge10To14 | Age: 10 to 14 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent10To14 | Age: Percent 10 to 14 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge15To17 | Age: 15 to 17 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent15To17 | Age: Percent 15 to 17 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge18To19 | Age: 18 to 19 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent18To19 | Age: Percent 18 to 19 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge20To24 | Age: 20 to 24 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent20To24 | Age: Percent 20 to 24 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge25To34 | Age: 25 to 34 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent25To34 | Age: Percent 25 to 34 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge35To44 | Age: 35 to 44 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent35To44 | Age: Percent 35 to 44 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge45To54 | Age: 45 to 54 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent45To54 | Age: Percent 45 to 54 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge55To59 | Age: 55 to 59 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent55To59 | Age: Percent 55 to 59 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge60To64 | Age: 60 to 64 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent60To64 | Age: Percent 60 to 64 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge65To74 | Age: 65 to 74 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent65To74 | Age: Percent 65 to 74 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge75To84 | Age: 75 to 84 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent75To84 | Age: Percent 75 to 84 Years | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver85 | Age: 85 Years and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver85 | Age: Percent 85 Years and Over | percent | float |
CensusAgeMedianAge | Age: Median Age | years | float |
CensusAgeUnder18 | Age: 0 to 17 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercentUnder18 | Age: Percent 0 to 17 | percent | float |
CensusAge18To24 | Age: 18 to 24 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent18To24 | Age: Percent 18 to 24 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge25To44 | Age: 25 to 44 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent25To44 | Age: Percent 25 to 44 Years | percent | float |
CensusAge45To64 | Age: 45 to 64 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent45To64 | Age: Percent 45 to 64 Years | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver62 | Age: 62 Years and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver62 | Age: Percent 62 Years and Over | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver65 | Age: 65 Years and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver65 | Age: Percent 65 Years and Over | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver18 | Age: 18 Years and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver18 | Age: Percent 18 Years and Over | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver18Male | Age: Males 18 Year and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver18Male | Age: Percent Males 18 Years and Over | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver18Female | Age: Females 18 Year and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver18Female | Age: Percent Females 18 Years and Over | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver21 | Age: 21 Years and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver21 | Age: Percent 21 and Over | percent | float |
CensusAge15To19 | Age: 15 to 19 Years | people | float |
CensusAgePercent15To19 | Age: Percent 15 to 19 Years | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver65Male | Age: Males 65 and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver65Male | Age: Percent Males 65 and Over | percent | float |
CensusAgeOver65Female | Age: Females 65 and Over | people | float |
CensusAgePercentOver65Female | Age: Percent Females 65 and Over | percent | float |
CensusRaceOneRaceOnly | Race: One Race | people | float |
CensusRacePercentOneRaceOnly | Race: Percent One Race | percent | float |
CensusRaceWhiteOnly | Race: White | people | float |
CensusRacePercentWhiteOnly | Race: Percent White | percent | float |
CensusRaceBlackOnly | Race: Black or African American | people | float |
CensusRacePercentBlackOnly | Race: Percent Black or African American | percent | float |
CensusRaceIndian | Race: American Indian and Alaska Native | people | float |
CensusRacePercentIndian | Race: Percent American Indian and Alaska Native | percent | float |
CensusRaceAsianOnly | Race: Asian | people | float |
CensusRacePercentAsianOnly | Race: Percent Asian | percent | float |
CensusRaceHawaiianPIOnly | Race: Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | people | float |
CensusRacePercentHawaiianPIOnly | Race: Percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | percent | float |
CensusRaceOtherOnly | Race: Some Other Race | people | float |
CensusRacePercentOtherOnly | Race: Percent Some Other Race | percent | float |
CensusRaceMultiRace | Race: Multi Race: Persons reporting more than one race | people | float |
CensusRacePercentMultiRace | Race: Percent Multi Race: Persons reporting more than one race | percent | float |
CensusHispanicTotalPopulation | Hispanic: Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | people | float |
CensusHispanicPercentHispanic | Hispanic: Percent Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | percent | float |
CensusHispanicMexican | Hispanic: Mexican | people | float |
CensusHispanicPercentMexican | Hispanic: Percent Mexican | percent | float |
CensusHispanicPuertoRican | Hispanic: Puerto Rican | people | float |
CensusHispanicPercentPuertoRican | Hispanic: Percent Puerto Rican | percent | float |
CensusHispanicCuban | Hispanic: Cuban | people | float |
CensusHispanicPercentCuban | Hispanic: Percent Cuban | percent | float |
CensusHispanicOtherHispanic | Hispanic: Other Hispanic or Latino | people | float |
CensusHispanicPercentOtherHispanic | Hispanic: Percent Other Hispanic or Latino | percent | float |
CensusHispanicNonHispanic | Hispanic: Not Hispanic or Latino | people | float |
CensusHispanicPercentNonHispanic | Hispanic: Percent Not Hispanic or Latino | percent | float |
CensusHispanicWhiteNonHispanic | Hispanic: White Alone Not Hispanic | people | float |
CensusHispanicPercentWhiteNonHispanic | Hispanic: Percent White Alone Not Hispanic | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsTotal | Households: Total Households | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsTotalFamilies | Households: Family Households (Families) | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentFamilies | Households: Percent Family Households (Families) | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsFamilyKidsUnder18 | Households: With Own Children Under 18 Years | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentFamilyKidsUnder18 | Households: Percent With Own Children Under 18 Years | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsMarriedCouple | Households: Married Couple Family | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentMarriedCouple | Households: Percent Married Couple Family | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsMarriedCoupleKidsUnder18 | Households: With Own Children Under 18 Years | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentMarriedCoupleKidsUnder18 | Households: Percent With Own Children Under 18 Years | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsFemaleHouseholder | Households: Female householder No Husband Present | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentFemaleHouseholder | Households: Percent Female householder No Husband Present | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsSingleMoms | Households: With Own Children Under 18 Years | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentSingleMoms | Households: Percent With Own Children Under 18 Years | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsNonFamily | Households: Non Family Households | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentNonFamily | Households: Percent Non Family Households | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsUnmarriedPartner | Households: Unmarried Partner Households | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentUnmarriedPartner | Households: Percent Unmarried Partner Households | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsSameSexPartner | Households: Same-Sex Unmarried Partner Households | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentSameSexPartner | Households: Percent Same-Sex Unmarried Partner Households | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsLivingAlone | Households: Householder Living Alone | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentLivingAlone | Households: Percent Householder Living Alone | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsHouseholderOver65 | Households: Householder 65 Years and Over | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentHouseholderOver65 | Households: Percent Householder 65 Years and Over | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsHouseholdsWithUnder18 | Households: Households With Individuals Under 18 Years | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentHouseholdsWithUnder18 | Households: Percent Households With Individuals Under 18 Years | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsWithOver65 | Households: Households With Individuals 65 Years and Over | households | float |
CensusHouseholdsPercentWithOver65 | Households: Percent Households With Individuals 65 Years and Over | percent | float |
CensusHouseholdsAverageHouseholdSize | Households: Average Household Size | people | float |
CensusHouseholdsAverageFamilySize | Households: Average Family Size | people | float |
All Ask Geo Java Libraries are compatible with Java 6, have no external dependencies, and are thread safe. Each Database comes with an associated Data File that must provided at constructor time to populate the internal data structures.
The libraries come in both double and single (float) precision versions, with the former consuming just under twice the resident memory of the latter. For reference, the single precision version is accurate to about 2.4 meters, which is more than sufficient for most applications.
If you are interested in purchasing this Library or gaining access to the Web API, please see the:
There are only three classes that you need to be aware of to use the Ask Geo UsZcta2010 Java Library, and only the first two are essential:
Contains map data and allows queries on the Database.
Embodies the result of a query on a UsZctaMap instance.
Enumeration of the result fields taken from the 2010 US Census.
They are described in the sections that follow.
The method signatures listed in this section are for the single precision (float) version of the library. For the double precision version, just replace float
with double
.
Please note that the documentation below is intended to provide you with an easy-to-understand presentation of the essentials of how to use the Ask Geo UsZcta2010 Java Library.
For full documentation of the classes included, please see the:
The UsZctaMap class stores the map data and exposes a query method to find the ZIP Code Tabulation Area and related metadata at a given latitude and longitude. Because each UsZctaMap instance is quite large, we recommend instantiating a single static instance in your project. The methods that you will need to use are as follows.
class UsZctaMap {
static UsZctaMap create(InputStream dataFileStream)
UsZctaResult findResult(float latDeg, float lonDeg)
// Additional methods exist in this class; for complete documentation, please see the Full Java Docs
}
The UsZctaResult class embodies the result of a query on a UsZctaMap instance. All of the results listed in the Returned Values Section may be accessed using an accessor whose method name consists of "get" followed by the Key parameter from the Returned Values tables. Those tables also specify the type of the returned value. For example, here are several important accessors:
class UsZctaResult {
String getZctaCode()
float GetCensusTotalPopulation()
float GetCensusAgeMedianAge()
// Additional methods exist in this class; for complete documentation, please see the Full Java Docs
}
The CensusField enum lists the fields taken from the 2010 US Census that are reported for each ZIP Code Tabulation Area. These may be used with the UsZctaResult to access these data if, for whatever reason, the more traditional accessors are not suitable to the application at hand. For example, some applications might result in having a list of desired fields, which could be represented as a list of CensusField members, and accessed in a for loop.
The following methods on the UsZctaResult class work with this enum:
class UsZctaResult {
String getCensusField(CensusField field)
float getCensusFieldAsFloat(CensusField field)
// Additional methods exist in this class; for complete documentation, please see the Full Java Docs
}
Please note that if you are just trying to access a couple of fields that are known at compile time, it is probably much easier to use the direct accessors documented here.
The following is a complete example program demonstrating the use of the Ask Geo UsZcta2010 Java Library.
import com.askgeo.flt.base.AcsField; import com.askgeo.flt.us.census2010.low.UsZctaMap; import com.askgeo.flt.us.census2010.low.UsZctaResult; import java.io.FileInputStream; public class UsCensusExample { static float[][] examplePoints = {{37f, -122f}, {42f, -89f}}; static String license = "INSERT YOUR LICENSE STRING HERE"; static String dataFilePath = "askgeo-us-state-2010-low-1.1.0.dat"; public static void main(String[] args) { try { UsZctaMap map = UsZctaMap.create(new FileInputStream(dataFilePath)); map.authorize(license); for (float[] point : examplePoints) { UsZctaResult result = map.findResult(point[0], point[1]); String name = result.getZctaCode(); float population = result.getCensusTotalPopulation(); float medianAge = result.getCensusAgeMedianAge(); float medianIncome = result.getAcsFieldAsFloat(AcsField.AcsHouseholdIncomeMedian); System.out.println(" Latitude: " + point[0] + ", Longitude: " + point[1] + ", Name: " + name + ", Population: " + population + ", Median Age: " + medianAge + ", Median Income: " + medianIncome); } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
Please note that the ACS accessors are present on the UsZctaResult object but that they always return null or Float.NaN, as we have been unable to located ACS data aggregated on a ZCTA level. If we find such data in future, we will add it to a future version of the UsZcta2010 Ask Geo Java and .NET Libraries.
Ask Geo was designed from the ground up to be high performance. Our custom spatial index delivers blazing-fast response times. Furthermore, we've designed the Ask Geo Java Libraries to be thread safe and to not utilize synchronized methods or statements in the performance-critical query code. This means that computers with multiple processors or cores can take full advantage of those cores to deliver even faster performance.
We tested the performance of the Library using a single thread on a computer with an Intel Core i7 3.33 GHz running 64-bit Windows 7. For each version of the library, we tested:
The time it took to construct an instance of the UsZcta2010 Database object.
The average response time for a single query. This was measured by running 100,000 queries, randomly distributed over the full extent of the map.
Resident memory of a UsZcta2010 Database instance, as estimated by measuring the JVM's used memory after running the GC when running a simple test application containing only the map. This will lead to a slight over-estimate of the resident memory because it will include the overhead of the test application.
The file size of the Data File associated with this Database.
Precision | Construction Time | Per-Query Time | Memory | Data File Size |
---|---|---|---|---|
Single | 46.10 seconds | 3.61e-04 seconds | 475.0 MB | 331.9 MB |
Double | 49.20 seconds | 1.82e-03 seconds | 869.9 MB | 331.9 MB |
All Ask Geo .NET Libraries are compatible with .NET 4 and are thread safe. Each Database comes with an associated Data File that must provided at constructor time to populate the internal data structures. Except for a few small changes to be more consistent with .NET style and coding conventions, the Ask Geo .NET Libraries are a direct port of the AskGeo Java Libraries.
Where relevant both double and single (float) precision versions of the various classes are provided, with the former consuming just under twice the resident memory of the latter. For reference, the single precision version is accurate to about 2.4 meters, which is more than sufficient for most applications.
If you are interested in purchasing this Library or gaining access to the Web API, please see the:
There are only three classes that you need to be aware of to use the Ask Geo UsZcta2010 .NET Library, and only the first two are essential:
Contains map data and allows queries on the Database.
Embodies the result of a query on a UsZctaMap instance.
Enumerates (with static public members) the result fields taken from the 2010 US Census.
They are described in the sections that follow.
The method signatures listed in this section are for the single precision (float) version of the library. For the double precision version, just replace float
with double
.
Please note that the documentation below is intended to provide you with an easy-to-understand presentation of the essentials of how to use the Ask Geo UsZcta2010 .NET Library.
For full documentation of the classes included, please see the:
The UsZctaMap class stores the map data and exposes a query method to find the ZIP Code Tabulation Area and related metadata at a given latitude and longitude. Because each UsZctaMap instance is quite large, we recommend instantiating a single static instance in your project. The methods that you will need to use are as follows.
class UsZctaMap {
static UsZctaMap Create(Stream dataFileStream)
UsZctaResult FindResult(float latDeg, float lonDeg)
// Additional methods exist in this class; for complete documentation, please see the Full .NET Docs
}
The UsZctaResult class embodies the result of a query on a UsZctaMap instance. All of the results listed in the Returned Values Section may be accessed using an accessor whose method name consists of "Get" followed by the Key parameter from the Returned Values tables. Those tables also specify the type of the returned value. For example, here are several important accessors:
class UsZctaResult {
String GetZctaCode()
float GetCensusTotalPopulation()
float GetCensusAgeMedianAge()
// Additional methods exist in this class; for complete documentation, please see the Full .NET Docs
}
The CensusField class lists (as static public members) the fields taken from the 2010 US Census that are reported for each ZIP Code Tabulation Area. These may be used with the UsZctaResult to access these data if, for whatever reason, the more traditional accessors are not suitable to the application at hand. For example, some applications might result in having a list of desired fields, which could be represented as a list of CensusField members, and accessed in a for loop.
The following methods on the UsZctaResult class work with this class:
class UsZctaResult {
String GetCensusField(CensusField field)
float GetCensusFieldAsFloat(CensusField field)
// Additional methods exist in this class; for complete documentation, please see the Full .NET Docs
}
Please note that if you are just trying to access a couple of fields that are known at compile time, it is probably much easier to use the direct accessors documented here.
The following is a complete example program demonstrating the use of the Ask Geo UsZcta2010 .NET Library.
using System; using System.IO; using AskGeo.Flt; using AskGeo.Base; class UsCensus { static void Main(string[] args) { float[,] examplePoints = { { 37f, -122f }, { 42f, -89f } }; String license = "INSERT YOUR LICENSE STRING HERE"; String dataFilePath = @"askgeo-us-state-2010-low-1.1.0.dat"; UsZctaLowMap map = UsZctaLowMap.Create(new FileStream(dataFilePath, FileMode.Open)); map.Authorize(license); for (int i = 0; i < examplePoints.GetLength(0); i++) { UsZctaLowResult result = map.FindResult(examplePoints[i, 0], examplePoints[i, 1]); String name = result.GetZctaCode(); float population = result.GetCensusTotalPopulation(); float medianAge = result.GetCensusAgeMedianAge(); float medianIncome = result.GetAcsFieldAsFloat(AcsField.AcsHouseholdIncomeMedian); Console.WriteLine(" Latitude: " + examplePoints[i, 0] + ", Longitude: " + examplePoints[i, 1] + ", Name: " + name + ", Population: " + population + ", Median Age: " + medianAge + ", Median Income: " + medianIncome); } } }
Please note that the ACS accessors are present on the UsZctaResult object but that they always return null or float.NaN, as we have been unable to located ACS data aggregated on a ZCTA level. If we find such data in future, we will add it to a future version of the UsZcta2010 Ask Geo Java and .NET Libraries.
Ask Geo was designed from the ground up to be high performance. Our custom spatial index delivers blazing-fast response times. Furthermore, we've designed the Ask Geo .NET Libraries to be thread safe and to not utilize synchronized methods or statements in the performance-critical query code. This means that computers with multiple processors or cores can take full advantage of those cores to deliver even faster performance.
The Ask Geo Libraries were originally designed and written in Java and ported to .NET. Consequently, detailed performance and memory consumption information is available for the Java Libraries but not for the .NET Libraries. We have run spot checks on a few of our test cases and found that the .NET Libraries have essentially the same performance characteristics as the Java Libraries. This is unsurprising given the similarities between the languages and the virtual machines on which they run. See the Java Performance Section for detailed information on construction time, per-query time, and memory consumption.